By Most: Khadiza Khatun Rupa
Dhaka, the bustling capital of Bangladesh, stands as a symbol of opportunity and ambition. Drawing people from across the country with promises of better livelihoods, education, and employment, the city has become a magnet for those seeking to improve their futures. However, this unrelenting influx of migrants has strained Dhaka’s infrastructure, leading to severe urban challenges. Among these, the most visible and persistent issues are traffic congestion, pollution, and unplanned urbanization. These not only disrupt daily life but also hinder economic and social development.
Traffic congestion has become a defining characteristic of Dhaka. Once, vehicles moved at an average speed of 21 kilometre’s per hour (kmph); now, that speed has plummeted to just 7 kmph. If current trends continue, it is projected to drop to 4 kmph by 2035—a pace slower than walking. This inefficiency costs the economy $11.4 billion annually in lost productivity, according to a World Bank report. The chaotic mix of private cars, rickshaws, buses, and motorcycles clogs the streets, creating an unmanageable gridlock.
Several factors contribute to this traffic nightmare. One major issue is the unregulated presence of rickshaws and buses, many of which lack proper documentation and operate without adhering to traffic laws. Rickshaws, while affordable and convenient, exacerbate congestion, especially on narrow roads. The absence of dedicated lanes for non-motorized transport worsens the problem. Adding to this chaos is the illegal parking of vehicles, which narrows the streets further, and a lack of adequate traffic signals, forcing manual control by traffic police.
The disregard for traffic rules is another significant concern. A survey by the Passengers Welfare Association found that 90% of buses, minibuses, and autorickshaws routinely violate traffic regulations. This lack of discipline creates dangerous conditions and frequent altercations between drivers and traffic police, further compounding the problem.
Dhaka’s population, estimated at 23.9 million in its metropolitan area in 2024, continues to grow by nearly half a million annually. This rapid urbanization has outpaced infrastructure development, leaving the city ill-equipped to handle its burgeoning population. The concentration of industrial units, readymade garment factories, and government establishments in Dhaka exacerbates the issue, drawing more people to the capital in search of work.
The resulting pressure has led to unplanned urbanization. Narrow roads, insufficient parking, and inadequate public transport have become the norm. This lack of planning not only fuels traffic congestion but also contributes to rising pollution levels, making Dhaka one of the most polluted cities in the world.
The traffic chaos has also translated into alarming road safety statistics. In the first nine months of 2024, at least 4,153 people were killed in 4,494 road accidents across Bangladesh. Non-government organizations report even higher figures, with some estimating over 5,500 fatalities. Dhaka, with its high density of vehicles and reckless driving practices, accounts for a significant portion of these accidents.
Recognizing the severity of the problem, the government has launched several initiatives to improve Dhaka’s transportation system. Key projects include the construction of three ring roads to divert traffic from the city canter, the development of five metro rail lines, and the introduction of two rapid bus transit routes. Additionally, approximately 1,200 kilometers of new roads are being built to enhance connectivity. These projects, currently at various stages of implementation, hold the promise of alleviating traffic congestion.
Other measures include the construction of flyovers, overpasses, and U-loops, as well as efforts to widen roads and develop sidewalks. However, these solutions, while helpful, address only the symptoms rather than the root causes of Dhaka’s traffic woes.
To tackle Dhaka’s traffic challenges effectively, a more comprehensive strategy is needed. Decentralization is crucial to reducing the population pressure on Dhaka. Relocating industrial units and government offices to other regions, along with improving connectivity through highways, railways, and waterways, can encourage population distribution.
Public awareness campaigns are also essential. Promoting adherence to traffic laws and safe driving practices can help instil discipline among road users. NGOs can play a pivotal role in organizing traffic management courses and collaborating with the government on infrastructure projects. For instance, toll collection from flyovers can help fund their maintenance and expansion.
Introducing 60-seat double-decker buses could significantly reduce the number of rickshaws and auto-rickshaws on the roads, easing traffic flow and lowering air pollution levels. Additionally, creating dedicated lanes for rickshaws and non-motorized vehicles would improve road efficiency. The installation of CCTV cameras at major intersections and stricter enforcement of traffic laws can further enhance traffic management.
Dhaka’s traffic congestion is not just a logistical problem; it is a reflection of deeper issues related to urban planning, population growth, and governance. While the government’s ongoing projects signal progress, lasting change requires a coordinated effort from all stakeholders. By addressing the root causes of traffic congestion and promoting sustainable urban development, Dhaka can transform from a city of chaos into a model of efficiency and liability. Achieving this vision will not only benefit its residents but also bolster Bangladesh’s economic and social progress on a global scale.
The Writer is a Member of Social Research Group (SRG) and an undergraduate Student of Public Administration, Comilla University. This is a work in progress.
